Maximum Entropy Estimation of the Galactic Bulge Morphology via the VVV Red Clump

The abundance and narrow magnitude dispersion of Red Clump (RC) stars make them a popular candidate for mapping the morphology of the bulge region of the Milky Way. Using an estimate of the RC's intrinsic luminosity function, we extracted the three-dimensional density distribution of the RC from deep photometric catalogues of the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey. We used maximum entropy based deconvolution to extract the spatial distribution of the bulge from Ks-band star counts. We obtained our extrapolated non-parametric model of the bulge over the inner 40 by 40 degrees squared region of the Galactic centre. Our reconstruction also naturally matches onto a parametric fit to the bulge outside the VVV region and inpaints overcrowded and high extinction regions. We found a range of bulge properties consistent with other recent investigations based on the VVV data. In particular, we estimated the bulge mass to be in the range 13 to 17 billion solar masses, the X-component to be between 18% and 25% of the bulge mass, and the bulge angle with respect to the Sun-Galactic centre line to be between 18 and 32 degrees. Studies of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray Galactic centre excess suggests that the excess may be traced by Galactic bulge distributed sources. We applied our deconvolved density in a template fitting analysis of this Fermi-LAT GeV excess and found an improvement in the fit compared to previous parametric based templates.Comment: 25 pages, 27 figures, minor typo correcte

Comparing the Galactic Bulge and Galactic Disk Millisecond Pulsars

The Galactic Center Excess (GCE) is an extended gamma-ray source in the central region of the Galaxy found in Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) data. One of the leading explanations for the GCE is an unresolved population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in the Galactic bulge. Due to differing star formation histories it is expected that the MSPs in the Galactic bulge are older and therefore dimmer than those in the Galactic disk. Additionally, correlations between the spectral parameters of the MSPs and the spin-down rate of the corresponding neutron stars have been observed. This implies that the bulge MSPs may be spectrally different from the disk MSPs. We perform detailed modelling of the MSPs from formation until observation. Although we confirm the correlations, we do not find they are sufficiently large to significantly differentiate the spectra of the bulge MSPs and disk MSPs when the uncertainties are accounted for. Our results demonstrate that the population of MSPs that can explain the gamma-ray signal from the resolved MSPs in the Galactic disk and the unresolved MSPs in the boxy bulge and nuclear bulge can consistently be described as arising from a common evolutionary trajectory for some subset of astrophysical sources common to all these different environments. We do not require that there is anything unusual about inner Galaxy MSPs to explain the GCE. Additionally, we use a more accurate geometry for the distribution of bulge MSPs and incorporate dispersion measure estimates of the MSPs' distances. We find that the elongated boxy bulge morphology means that some the bulge MSPs are closer to us and so easier to resolve. We identify three resolved MSPs that have significant probabilities of belonging to the bulge population.Comment: 37 pages, 20 figures, V3: Minor grammatical corrections/clarifications. Reflects version to appear in JCAP. V4: Minor typos correcte

Molecular diagnosis of trichodorid species from Portugal

A PCR-RFLP assay was developed for the identification of trichodorids belonging to Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus genera. Exploring the variability of the 18S SSU rDNA gene this method provides for the first time a molecular diagnosis tool alternative to the difficult and time consuming phenotyping especially of quite similar species, enabling selectivity in mixed samples with non-trichodorid species, and also the differentiation of juveniles. Based on the alignment of previously obtained 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences of trichodorids from Portugal, a pair of selective primers was designed in conserved regions to allow the amplification in all known Portuguese species of a variable region located at the 3’ end of the gene. The PCR product, 615bp in length, exhibits nucleotide variability to generate restriction fragment patterns which were consistent among populations of the same species and allowed to discriminate trichodorids at the species level. The proposed protocol was tested and proved effective with twelve trichodorid species from Portugal (N. minor, P. allius, P. anemones, P. divergens, P. hispanus, P. pachydermus, P. porosus, T. beirensis, T. lusitanicus, T. primitivus and two other Trichodorus species, A and B) and six non-indigenous trichodorid populations (N. minor, P. allius, P. anemones, P. pachydermus, P. porosus, T. primitivus).Centro de Biolgogia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA)Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Agricultural Turns, Geographical Turns: Retrospect and Prospect.

It is accepted that British rural geography has actively engaged with the ‘cultural turn’, leading to a resurgence of research within the sub-discipline. However, a reading of recent reviews suggests that the cultural turn has largely, if not completely, bypassed those geographers interested in the agricultural sector. Farming centred engagements with notions of culture have been relatively limited compared with those concerned with the non-agricultural aspects of rural space. Indeed, agricultural geography represents something of an awkward case in the context of the disciplinary turn to culture, a situation that demands further exposition. In seeking explanation, it becomes evident that research on the farm sector is more culturally informed than initially appears. This paper argues that there have been both interesting and important engagements between agricultural geography and cultural perspectives over the past decade. The paper elaborates four specific areas of research which provide evidence for concern about the ‘culture’ within agriculture. The future contribution that culturally informed perspectives in geographical research can bring to agricultural issues is outlined by way of conclusion

Longitudinal associations between weather, season, and mode of commuting to school amongst Spanish youths

Aim: To study the associations of weather conditions with the travel mode choice for commuting to and from school.  Methods: A total of 6,979 Spanish youths aged 7 to 18 years old (80% adolescents aged 12‐18 years old, 51% male) completed a 5‐day survey of mode of commuting to school in autumn, winter, and spring. Weather data from the nearest weather station to each school was registered. We used Google Maps™ to calculate the distance from home to school. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate odds of active travel based on weather and season.  Results: We analysed a total of 163,846 discrete journeys. In winter, children (aged 7 to 11 years old) were less likely to choose an active mode of commuting to school (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59‐0.89, p=0.003). In spring, adolescents were more likely to choose an active mode of commuting to school (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.19‐1.73, p<0.001). With higher mean temperatures, adolescents were more likely to choose an active mode of commuting from school (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00‐1.04, p=0.029).  Conclusion: Certain weather conditions seem to influence the travel mode choice for commuting to and from school in youth, including season and temperature

What traits are carried on mobile genetic elements, and why?

Although similar to any other organism, prokaryotes can transfer genes vertically from mother cell to daughter cell, they can also exchange certain genes horizontally. Genes can move within and between genomes at fast rates because of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Although mobile elements are fundamentally self-interested entities, and thus replicate for their own gain, they frequently carry genes beneficial for their hosts and/or the neighbours of their hosts. Many genes that are carried by mobile elements code for traits that are expressed outside of the cell. Such traits are involved in bacterial sociality, such as the production of public goods, which benefit a cell's neighbours, or the production of bacteriocins, which harm a cell's neighbours. In this study we review the patterns that are emerging in the types of genes carried by mobile elements, and discuss the evolutionary and ecological conditions under which mobile elements evolve to carry their peculiar mix of parasitic, beneficial and cooperative genes